Tooth regeneration is a regenerative medicine procedure based on stem cell in the field of engineering of tissue and biology  of stem cell to rearrange the altered or damaged and lost teeth by stimulating the regrowth process  from autologous stem cells. Somatic stem cells are collected as a source of the new bioengineeredteeth and rearranged to pluripotent stem cells that can be placed directly in the dental lamina or placed in a re-absorbable biopolymer in the form of the new tooth. Investigations have been done to renew tooth enamel over couple of decades. The process has been found quite difficult unlike bone, matured enamel can’t rejuvenate. Toothpaste and mouthwash containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate and fluoride promotes re-mineralization of initially enamelled lesions; though, they are more of a tire patch than a real and better solution.

Liposuction is one of the most popular a type of plastic and cosmetic surgery that involves in the process of removing fat from the body for attempting desired shape.

Serious complications may include bleeding, infection, deep vein thrombosis and organ perforation. Death rate is very less which is about one per ten thousand cases. Safety of the technique involves not only with the amount of removal of tissue, but also to the choice of the person's overall health and anaesthetic condition. There are several factors that limit the proportion of fat which can be removed in single session. Removing too much fat include "lumpiness" in the skin which may term as negative aspect.

Areas like abdomen, thighs, backs and buttocks of the arms can be operated. Performance can be done under local, regional, or general anaesthesia. The technique involves using a negative pressure to clear out fat. People who are operated on should likely have a normal weight and go elasticity of the skin has to be good enough.

A French surgeon, Charles Dujarier first performed the relatively modern techniques for removal of fat and body contouring.

Skin cancer is becoming very prominent now a days. New researches of treatments for skin cancer are to be appeared and evolved rapidly in the recent times. Though, one surgical method has enough than stood the test of time. This surgery was developed by Dr. Frederick Mohs in the year 1930s, Mohs micrographic surgery is believed to be embraced over the past couple of decades with an increased  number of surgeons for skin cancers  with an ever-widening variety.

Recently, Mohs surgery has become readily accepted as the first most effective as well as beneficial techniqueto remove  and Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Basal Cell Carcinoma (SCCs and BCCs), both of which is most common and prevalent  skin cancers. It complements the nifty trick of incorporating the highest amount of healthy tissue which is at the same time most completely removing cancer cells; the cure rates for SCC and BCC are 98percent or higher with Mohs surgery , which is significantly better than the rates for standard  and subsidiary treatments for removing skin cancer.

Permanent makeup can be achieved through a procedure named as micropigmentation where an organic pigment is placed beneath the skin to add color permanently. It is also known as derma pigmentation. It involves the application of hand-held device which punctures the skin several hundreds of times per minute using a very thin needle and embed the pigment into desired location.Moreover, it helps to define the eyes and this process (micropigmentation) is also used to enhance the beauty of lips and eyebrows and creates a permanent look of blush as well as eye shadow. Permanent Cosmetic Make-up is the newest concept attaining high popularity among the upwardly mobile women as well as men. It is very effective technique which takes care of all the need of special beauty requirements with a highly economical manner. All these beauty requirements can be met with magic of Permanent Cosmetic Make-up surgery. With Permanent Beauty Solutions, one can have more attractive and defined lip liner or colouring of full lip.

Botox is a drug made from a neurotoxin obtained from the bacterium Clostridium botulinum known as botulinum toxin. It is used medically to remove wrinkles by temporarily paralyzing muscles and to cure certain muscular conditions.

How does botox work?

Botulinum toxin is known to be one of the most dangerous and poisonous substances to man. Scientists have been estimated that a one gram could kill up to one million people and a several kilos could kill every human in this world. In higher concentrations, botulinum toxin can lead to botulism, life-threatening illness which is found to be severe. Botulism, if not cured or treated, may result in death and respiratory failure. Inspite of botulinum toxin being so costly and highly toxic, Botox has a huge demand in market. It is used medically to remove wrinkles by temporarily paralyzing muscles and to cure certain muscular conditions. In order for muscles contraction, nerves signals a chemical messenger, known as acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter), where nerve endings meet muscle cells at the junction. The acetylcholine attaches to the receptors on the muscle cells and causes the muscle cells to contract or shorten. Injected botulinum toxin retards the release of acetylcholine, which prevents contraction of the muscle cells. The effect of the toxin causes a reduction in abnormal muscle contraction which allows the muscles which become less stiff.

A facelift, is also known as rhytidectomy,  a surgical procedure which removes wrinkles and visible signs of aging from the face and neck, helping one to look forever young,

Signs of aging include:

1.     Sagging in the middle of your face

2.     Loss of skin tone in the lower face that creates jowls

3.     Deep creases below the lower eyelids

4.     Fat that has fallen or has disappeared

5.     Deep creases along the nose extending to the corner of the mouth

Weight the appearance of a double chin

Loose skin and excess fatty deposits under the chin and jaw can give even a person of normal

The lack of youthful contours in one’s face can be due to some variety of factors, which includes gravity, environmental conditions, heredity and stress etc. Rejuvenation procedures typically carried out in conjunction with a facelift and brow lift, to rearrange a sagging or deeply furrowed brow, and eyelid surgery to rejuvenate aging and tired eyes.

Hair transplantation is a surgical process that transfers hair follicles from a certain part of the body known as 'donor site' to a balding part of the body or bald termed as the 'recipient site'. It is primarily known to treat male pattern or collective baldness. In this type of surgery minimally invasive procedure, grafts consist of hair follicles which are genetically resistant to baldness, (like the back of the head) are transplanted to the bald scalp. Hair transplantation can also be performed to restore eyebrows, eyelashes, beard hair, pubic hair, chest hair and to fill in marks or surgery such as face-lifts and previous hair transplants or scars caused by accidents. Hair transplantation differs from skin being grafted in that grafts that contain most all of the epidermis and dermis surrounded by the hair follicle, and many tiny grafts are there, transplanted rather than one strip of skin.

Since hair grows naturally in grouping of 1 to 4 hairs, current researches transplant and group hair follicular units in their naturally grown groupings. Though, modern techniques of hair transplantation can be achieved through a natural appearance by copying original hair orientation. This hair transplant procedure is known as follicular unit transplantation (FUT). Donor hair can be achieved in two different ways- follicular unit extraction (FUE) and strip harvesting,

Laser skin resurfacing, is also termed as a laser peel, laser vaporization and lasabrasion, can reduce the proportion of wrinkles, scars and blemishes from the facial skin. Recent laser techniques give the plastic surgeon a trendy level of control in permitting extreme precision, laser surfacing, especially in sensitive and delicate areas.

Laser skin resurfacing / LSR can improve minor facial flaws, such as:

    Wrinkles or Fine lines around or under the eyes, forehead or mouth regeion

    Spots from acne, chickenpox or measles

    Non-responsive skin after the treatment of facelift

    Tanned, aged or sun-damaged skin

Liver spots

Birthmarks such as linear epidermal nevi

Enlarged oil glands on the surface of nose

How does laser skin resurfacing work?

Surgeon uses the laser to send short, concentrated pulsating beams of light at irregular skin. This clears away unwanted, tanned, damaged skin in a very precise way on single application. The laser beam used in laser resurfacing will clear up the outer layer of skin, known as epidermis. At the same time it heats the underlying skin, known as dermis simultaneously. This action works to improve growth of new collagen fibers. As the treated area heals, the new skin that forms is very smoother and firmer.

Tissue expansion is a comparability simple and clear procedure that helps the body to grow extra skin for favour in reconstructing any part of the body.

A type of silicone balloon expander is placed under the skin near to the area of almost all body parts to be repaired and then periodically filled with salted water over the time, enabling the skin to stretch and grow further. It is most popularly used for breast reconstruction following removal of breast, but it's also known to repair skin that is damaged by any inherited faults or birth defects, accidents or surgery, and in certain cosmetic technique.When skin is being stretched beyond its physiological limit, mechanotransduction pathways are activated. This leads to cell nourishment, growth and also to the stimulation of new cells. Sometimes it is seemed to be achieved by the implantation of inflatable balloons beneath the skin.

Developments and improvements in the era of medicine have been always beneficial for the cosmetic surgery world. One of the most excellent advances in the world of plastic surgery has been the introduction of the endoscope in facial rejuvenation. An endoscope is a device with a small camera inside it which can be entered through a very small cut into the skin and can transmit a clear image of the underlying tissues to a TV screen. As endoscope is also used in orthopedic surgery, many people know the procedure to use it. This kind of old technology has been recently applied to plastic surgery. Now, surgeons are performing brow lifts by this method, with several small incisions in the scalp. Sometimes when patients complain about jowl sagging and mid face rather than skin excesses, the cosmetic surgery can be achieved through some small cuts in the lower portion of eyelids and in the scalp in order to obtain a perfect face lift. However, full recovery time is a bit time consuming than with common facelifts because of swelling which stays for several weeks. But at the same time, the results are better and these techniques have allowed cosmetic surgery for betterment of young generation.

Scar tissues are formed as skin heals after an accident or injury and surgery. Scarring depends on size, depth, and location of the wound, age, skin characteristics which include color (pigmentation).Depending upon the period of the surgery, scar revision can be performed by local anesthesia, sleeping condition, and general anesthesia. Scars will become less noticeable and invisible as they mature. One may be able to stand to have operation until the scars get light in color. This can be achieved by several months or even a year after the wound has cured. Scar revision surgery is well to be performed soon after 60 to 90 days of maturation. Each scar is different. The scar can be removed completely and the new rupture is closed very carefully. Dermabrasion helps removing the upper most layers of the skin with a special kind of wire brush called a burr. New skin forms over that area. Dermabrasion can be incorporated to give softness to the surface of the skin. Very serious and large injuries (such as burns) may lead to a loss of a large amount of area onto the skin and might form hypertrophic scars which can trigger the movement of muscles, joints and tendons. Surgery alters extra scar tissue. It might involve a series of small incisions on both sides of the scar, which leads to V-shaped skin flaps known as Z-plasty. The result is fully invisible scar, because of Z-plasty  which may rearrange the scar so that it  follows the natural skin layers more clearly.